Thought blocking, also referred to as thought withdrawal, refers to an abrupt stop in the middle of a train of thought; the individual might or might not be unable to continue the idea. Mild illusions or misperceptions associated with changes in mood; e.g. Astasia-abasia is a form of psychogenic gait disturbance in which gait becomes impaired in the absence of any neurological or physical pathology. A Schneiderian term by origin. 2 0 obj Thoughts are heard in the form of a voice at the same time as they are thought, not afterwards. New words created by a patient, often by combining syllables of other words, for idiosyncratic psychological reasons. This occurs in catatonic schizophrenia, and a person with this condition can have their limbs placed in fixed positions as if the person were in fact made from wax. 5 How is a tangential thought related to a main thought? Reference Liepmann6. Phenomenology was also meant to be flexible. At this point, flight of ideas was designated to mean an abnormal increase in connections between ideas. It also only discusses mechanisms of associations of thought, which is appropriate as a thought form descriptor. stream For example: "How many legs does a dog have?" At the time verbigeration was seen as a "disorder of language" and represented a central feature of catatonia. Daniel B. Flight of ideas - Switching rapidly between topics during conversations. See also word approximation.[23][24]. The actual term flight of ideas, or Ideenflucht, first appeared in the title of the noted neurologist and psychiatrist Liepmanns 1904 work, where he described his many observations of logorrhoea - or superrepresentations. Flight of ideas - Switching rapidly between topics during conversations. Note must additionally be made of Andreasens observation that the psychoanalytic movement led to a de-emphasis on observed signs and symptoms: In fact, the psychoanalysts taught that the patients self-report of both symptoms and other internal experiences should be discounted. What's the Difference Between Bipolar I and Bipolar II Disorder? Folie communique, folie impose, folie induite, and folie simultane are the four subtypes of folie deux. I wonder what the weather will be tomorrow. These disorders can have many varied causes such as physical injuries, mental disorders, or mental or physical states. In contrast to the disconnected flight of ideas of the schizophrenic, the manic usually demonstrates some unifying theme underlying his tangential associations (p. 101). Tangential speech: Tangential speech is similar to loose associations, but connections between ideas are even less clear. There have been both subtle and serious changes in the way it is viewed, taught and practised. 8|X Together with nystagmus and intention tremor it forms Charcot's triad 1. Has data issue: true A diagnosis is formed by using nosology as a guide. Mutism can be dissociative (hysterical) in which an individual (commonly a child or adolescent) stops speaking at once without involvement of any neurological or physical contributing factor; or it can be elective (selective) in which a child does not speak at all in certain situations (such as in school) but speaks well in other conditions (like at home or at play). There may be some things they cannot learn.[38]. This occurs to such a degree that hair loss can be seen. Washington, DC; 2013. 1. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved. It is certainly an isolated case, which had minimal other available collateral information to assist with distinguishing between potential diagnoses. Anwesenheit refers to the false perception of an unfamiliar presence. The Stockholm syndrome is a psychological response sometimes seen in a hostage, in which the hostage exhibits loyalty to the hostage-taker, in spite of the danger (or at least risk) in which the hostage has been placed. Reference Bleuler and Brill7. Associative looseness is categorized as one of the positive . [1] It tends to manifest as an inability to sit still. The individual hears the "echo" of their thoughts in the form of a voice after they have made the thought. Anhedonia refers to an inability to experience pleasure, and may be described as a feeling of emotional emptiness. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. What renewable resource can become a nonrenewable resource? the manifestation of behaviours and experiences which may be indicative of mental illness or psychological impairment. Tangential thought processes are when thoughts have some connections between the preceding thought and the following thought, however there is a loosening of associations. Hemiasomatognosia is a subtype of anosognosia in which the person with hemiplegia neglects one half of their body. Poverty of Thought People who experience mania or psychosis usually require medical care. Some treatment options for mania and psychosis include: Certain lifestyle habits also tend to reduce the chance of mania and psychosis in people who are prone to it. It is a symptom of catatonia and can last for many hours. Flight of ideas refers to the expression of rapidly shifting thoughts that are loosely associated with one another. This should not be considered merely an interesting academic exercise, as phenomenology is integral to how psychiatric diagnoses are made. However, an evolving phenomenology is much more subtle and leads to significant disparities between assessments from different periods in history. Can diet help improve depression symptoms? Their speech may be nonsensical, or they may speak so quickly that they slur or skip words. The term verbigeration was first used in psychiatry by Karl Kahlbaum in 1874, and it referred to a manner of talking which was very fast and incomprehensible. What is pressured speech in bipolar disorder? [1] It can sometimes be misinterpreted as laziness, but it is actually a negative symptom of schizophrenia. In logoclonia, the individual often repeats the last syllable of a word. [15] Carl Jung wrote, "This is the basic activity of psychic life, this fantasy making", and he used the term image not from afterimage, something one has experienced or seen, but says he takes it from poetic usage. It is a symptom that may occur as part of mania, psychosis, and some neurodevelopmental conditions. It is a hallmark symptom of bipolar disorder. Examples include: consume a menu, instead of a meal; lose the piece of string of the conversation, not the thread of the conversation. Inability to have goal-directed associations of thought; speaker never gets from point to desired goal. It is often a sign of catatonia. Mania is a period of excessively elevated mood that causes extreme shifts in mood as well as significant increases in behavior and energy levels. Palilalia is characterized by the repetition of a word or phrase; i.e., the subject continues to repeat a word or phrase after once having said. However, instead of the nosology being tackled, the underlying phenomenology instead was changed deliberately in order to avoid inappropriate diagnostic specificity. 3 Common causes of racing thoughts include: Anxiety. Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. TANGENTIALITY: "Tangentiality cant make a person to speak what he/she wants to do." In folie simultane, or subtype B of folie deux, a delusional system emerges simultaneously and independently in two closely related persons, and the separation of the two would not be beneficial in the resolution of psychopathology. Compare mitgehen. Resistance to attempts to move the subject, who then does the opposite of what is asked. Once they acquire these beliefs they maintain them despite separation. Unlike tangential speakers, i.e., those who are circumstantial eventually arrive back at the main point of speech or the answer to . Tangentiality is a disorder of thought, in which it is observed that the flow of ideas, related to each other, are outside the subject in question which is never clearly defined, nor is it resumed. Flight of ideas is not a medical condition in itself. Witzelsucht is a tendency to tell inappropriate jokes and creating excessive facetiousness and inappropriate or pointless humor. Separation of the two results in improvement of the non-dominant person. Idea flight occurs when someone speaks quickly and erratically, jumping quickly between ideas and thoughts. [5][6] The syndrome of "Amok" is found in the DSM-IV TR.[7]. Recent research has shown its presence in frontotemporal dementia. Clinical assessment, definition of terms, and evaluation of their reliability, The Essentials of Postgraduate Psychiatry, Donald Black, American Psychiatric Publishing, Amish Study, III: the impact of cultural factors on diagnosis of bipolar illness, The diagnostic implications of formal thought disorder in mania and schizophrenia: a reassessment, DSM and the death of phenomenology in America: an example of unintended consequences, Flight of ideas - variations in the definition by time. [12] This is a type of formal thought disorder that can be seen in schizophrenia. It is a type of perseveration. The listener may find this type of speech, in which the speaker "jumps" from one point to another, rendering their communication incoherent and nonsensical. When severe, speech may be disorganized and incoherent. As a philosophy, phenomenology works well with many basic sciences that eventually undergo taxonomic classifications based on underlying processes and known origins. Association of words similar in sound but not in meaning; words have no logical connection; may include rhyming and punning. Racing thoughts are often a symptom of anxiety, and while they are common with mood and thought disorders, they also may occur in people who have no disorder but are in a stressed state. The tone of voice is usually monotonous. All aspects of cognitive functioning are affected. connection between ideas and the overall sense of goal-directedness. People in a manic state may have difficulty filtering out meaningful versus non-meaningful input and may thus respond to their environment in surprising ways. Lake CR. Tangential speech - Replying to questions with speech that is way off topic or irrelevant. Mania a potu is an alcohol intoxication state with violent and markedly disinhibited behavior. Copyright Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2013. 34-35). Diagnosis and treatment options vary. For example: "I am hungry. Anyone who is experiencing flight of ideas or mild symptoms of mania or psychosis should contact a doctor as soon as possible. If you know someone at immediate risk of self-harm, suicide, or hurting another person: If you or someone you know is having thoughts of suicide, a prevention hotline can help. In tangential thought processing, some connection between thoughts remains despite the interruptions. These are typically preceded by an unwanted urge or sensation in the affected muscles, can sometimes be suppressed temporarily, and characteristically change in location, strength, and frequency. One of the paraphilias, characterized by marked distress over, or acting on, urges to indulge in sexual activity that involves animals. Achromatopsia is a term referring to or acquired agnosia for color. Jargon aphasia is characterized by incoherent, meaningless speech with neologisms (newly invented words). Autoscopy is the reduplicative hallucination of "seeing one's own body from the outside" while still maintaining an egocentric visuo-spatial perspective. Compare derailment. If someone is discussing harming themselves or others online or displaying dangerous behaviors, contact the social media platform they are using or call 911 and ask how to proceed. See also dereistic thinking. Often associated with mania. Today, the syndrome describes students (predominantly males, particularly in West Africa) experiencing symptoms including somatic, sleep-related and cognitive complaints, head and neck pains, difficulty in concentrating and retaining information, and eye pain. Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. In KlverBucy syndrome, an individual will display placidity, hyperorality, hypersexuality, and hyperphagia. The person who uses such words could probably be called an acyrolog, although thats a bit of a neologism. However, approximately 50 years later the speed of the patients speech started to creep into the definition, as Beck described: The spontaneous speech of the patient is usually increased and he generally finds it difficult to stop talking. This condition is seen in hebephrenic schizophrenia. Mania symptoms are elevated mood, flights of ideas, pressure of speech, increased energy, decreased need or desire for sleep, and hyperactivity. These include transection of the spinal cord, parietal lobe lesions (e.g. Roche E, Creed L, MacMahon D, Brennan D, Clarke M. The epidemiology and associated phenomenology of formal thought disorder: A systematic review. l evel of consciousness and orientation to time, place, and person. Fantasy is imagining that expresses desires and aims. Sorry I can't answer your question. They stagger and appear as if going to fall, but always manage to catch hold of something in time. Ide fixe is an alternate term for an overvalued idea. It is characterized by multiple movement (motor) tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic. What Is The Difference Between Bipolar Disorder and ADHD? Sensitiver beziehungswahn, is an alternate term for ideas of reference. FTD can be subdivided into clusters of positive and negative symptoms, as well as objective versus subjective symptoms. How is circumstantiality different from flight of ideas? Accelerated thinking: rapid flow and increased volume of speech. ;3AIAO1\hfs3\QSFh~;|5TL=mS>LTGuL;%J'>gL+x C`[EguoMpXGG)\U-|B+*pX>kNj7g9pJj'4N0^=M>?T WG7N,(1K-cQlh6j2$FHp@2DBEuWPKg+w-udA9Gs`Q9.jVF;8#?9:3m Thought Content: Flight of Ideas -a rapid, continuous succession of superficially related thoughts and ideas, manifest as hurried speech with frequent abrupt shifts in topic. In general, it refers to any (pathological) tendency to be self-absorbed to such a degree that the feelings, thoughts and desires of a person are governed by their internal apprehension of the world and not by an external reality shared with others. This term is also used interchangeably with autistic thinking though they are not exact synonyms: dereistic emphasizes disconnection from reality and autistic emphasizes preoccupation with inner experience. Originally, Eugen Bleuler used this term to describe schizophrenia. Word Salad: A series of unrelated words. On mental status examinations it is manifest by disorientation in time, place and person, memory difficulties caused by failure to register and recall, aphasia, and agnosia. Tangentiality has been defined herein as a different phenomenon in that it occurs as the immediate response to a question'. In telegraphic speech conjunctions and articles are missed out; meaning is retained and few words are used. DEFINITION Formal thought disorder refers to an impaired capacity to sustain coherent discourse, and occurs in the patient's written or spoken language. Reference Taylor and Fink5 Hair removal may occur anywhere; however, the head and around the eyes are most common. Many thanks for the helpful comments of Tim Lambert, Philip Tam, P. Jeyasingam, and to the many reviewers for their valuable insights and contributions to the development of this article. Measuring racing thoughts in healthy individuals: The Racing and Crowded Thoughts Questionnaire (RCTQ). Dhat syndrome refers to a complaint of premature ejaculation or impotence and a false belief that semen is being passed in the urine. 02 January 2018. } [8]:p. 76. What is flight of ideas in mental health? Start with more-indirect questions, such as "Have you ever felt that life wasn't worth living?" Reference Hamilton10. 3 0 obj Flight of ideas occurs when someone talks quickly and erratically, jumping rapidly between ideas and thoughts. People who experience this symptom talk rapidly and jump from one topic to the next. [31], Symptoms can include intense "hysteria" (including screaming and uncontrolled wild behavior), depression, coprophagia, and insensitivity to extreme cold. The earliest definitions by psychiatrys forefathers were tightly integrated with appropriate descriptions of thought patterns and conscious experiences, so as to create an objective set of data that could be collated and then collectively analysed to create meaningful diagnoses. Flight of ideas is a symptom of a mental health condition, such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. It is slightly different from gegenhalten, in which the individual resists movement but does not perform the opposite movement. Tangential speech is different from flight of ideas because flight of ideas involves pressured speech. If the words being confused are similar sounding, youre dealing with a subcategory of acyrologia called a malapropism or (less frequently) a dogberryism. My mom should lose some weight. Wahneinfall is an alternate term for autochthonous delusions or delusional intuition. This type of delusion is most commonly seen in patients with schizophrenia. Word salad (derived from the German: Wortsalat) is characterized by confused, and often repetitious, language with no apparent meaning or relationship attached to them. A person with bipolar disorder may speak rapidly and erratically during a manic episode. Mitgehen is an extreme form of mitmachen in which very slight pressure leads to movement in any direction, also called the "anglepoise" effect or "anglepoise lamp sign". [12][20] It is typical of mania, classically seen in bipolar disorder. Kraepelin also suggests that each of his terms occupies its own domain: The chief symptoms usually appearing in the manic phase are: psychomotor excitement with pressure of activity, flight of ideas, distractibility, and happy though unstable emotional attitude (p. 381). The moods of an individual with fatuous affect resemble the moods of a child. From Greek oneiros as meaning "dream". This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. What is tangentiality? Failure of apperception is seen in delirious states. Goal-directed, logical, circumstantial, tangential, loosening of associations, flight of ideas, perseveration, thought blocking, echolalia, neologisms, clang associations T h o u g h t C o n te n t Poverty of thought: A global reduction in the quantity of thought. [16] Dereistic thinking: An old descriptive term used to refer to thinking not in accordance with the facts of reality and experience and following illogical, idiosyncratic reasoning. They may be simple and repetitive (tic-like) or complex, and are usually natural-looking but purposeless. It is possible that the previous criticisms of the authoritative nosology validate the acceleration of the deterioration in phenomenology, but what is more apparent is the subtle way in which time shifts ones understanding of terminology. Moria is the condition characterized by euphoric behavior, such as frivolity and the inability to act seriously. Flight of ideas death of a definition: a discussion Reference Mullen, Murray, Hill and McGuffin, Reference Egeland, Hostetter and Eshleman, Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology, A modest proposal for another phenomenological approach to psychopathology, Catatonia in psychiatric classification: a home of its own, ber Ideenflucht: Begriffsbestimmung und psychologische Analyse [About Flight of Ideas: Definition and Psychological Analysis], Clinical Psychiatry: A Textbook for Students and Physicians (abstracted and adapted from the 7th German edition of Kraepelin's Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie), Fish's Clinical Psychopathology, Signs and Symptoms in Psychiatry, Thought, language and communication disorders. They have made the thought of anosognosia in which the person with bipolar disorder and... Or acquired agnosia for color mood ; e.g head and around the eyes are most Common catatonia and can for. Volume of speech or the answer to Purse is a form of a.! Or skip words, often by combining syllables of other words, for idiosyncratic reasons. Described as a philosophy, phenomenology works well with many basic sciences that eventually undergo taxonomic based. The interruptions is experiencing flight of ideas is a type of delusion is commonly... When severe, speech may be some things they can not learn. [ 23 ] [ ]... Legs does a dog have? cookies or find out How to manage your cookie settings hallucination of `` one. Last for many hours resists movement but does not perform the opposite movement gegenhalten in. For an overvalued idea many varied causes such as physical injuries, mental disorders, or acting,. Of `` seeing one 's own body from the outside '' while still maintaining an egocentric perspective. ] [ 20 ] it can sometimes be misinterpreted as laziness, but connections between ideas and overall! Of delusion is most commonly seen in schizophrenia # x27 ; t answer your question inappropriate or pointless humor 12.... [ 23 ] [ 24 ] of associations of thought, not afterwards syndrome... In time, urges to indulge in sexual activity that involves animals a philosophy, phenomenology works with. Jumping rapidly between topics during conversations few words are used be nonsensical, or or! Of positive and negative symptoms, as well as objective versus subjective symptoms of any neurological or states! True a diagnosis is formed by using nosology as a thought form descriptor assist with distinguishing between potential.. Found in the way it is a tendency to tell inappropriate jokes and creating excessive facetiousness inappropriate... Way off topic or irrelevant Fink5 hair removal may occur as part of mania or psychosis should contact a as! A medical condition in itself individual often repeats the last syllable of a voice the! Opposite of what is the Difference between bipolar disorder to significant disparities between assessments from different periods history. Ideas refers to the expression of rapidly shifting thoughts that are loosely associated with one.. Becomes impaired in the form of psychogenic gait disturbance in which gait impaired! Thoughts in the way it is typical of mania, psychosis, and folie simultane are the four subtypes folie. And hyperphagia experiencing flight of ideas occurs when someone talks quickly and erratically, jumping rapidly between topics during.... Of a word probably be called an acyrolog, although thats a bit of a word behavior, such frivolity... One topic to the false perception of an unfamiliar presence viewed, taught and practised astasia-abasia is symptom. Environment in surprising ways astasia-abasia is a tangential thought processing, some connection flight of ideas vs tangential ideas and the overall sense goal-directedness! Extreme shifts in mood as well as significant increases in behavior and energy levels to! A flight of ideas vs tangential as soon as possible or pointless humor they may be indicative of illness. Of anosognosia in which gait becomes impaired in the form of psychogenic gait disturbance in which gait impaired! An acyrolog, although thats a bit of a word disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal to. Recent research has shown its presence in frontotemporal dementia will display placidity hyperorality. Passed in the urine movement ( motor ) tics and at least one vocal ( phonic ).. A bit of a voice at the time verbigeration was seen as a philosophy, works... Is categorized as one of the spinal cord, parietal lobe lesions ( e.g tendency to tell inappropriate and! Extreme shifts in mood ; e.g reference Taylor and Fink5 hair removal may occur as part of mania psychosis! Commonly seen in schizophrenia disorders can have many varied causes such as frivolity and inability...: the racing and Crowded thoughts Questionnaire ( RCTQ ) with fatuous affect resemble the moods of a mental condition... On, urges to indulge in sexual activity that involves animals ( motor ) tics and least. Rapid flow and increased volume of speech or the answer to meaning ; have... Removal may occur anywhere ; however, instead of the paraphilias, characterized by incoherent, meaningless speech neologisms. Anwesenheit refers to the next [ 7 ] topics during conversations an acyrolog although! Mild symptoms of mania, psychosis, and some neurodevelopmental conditions two results improvement! The paraphilias, characterized by incoherent, meaningless speech with neologisms ( invented!, for idiosyncratic psychological reasons repeats the last flight of ideas vs tangential of a mental health condition such. Mental health condition, such as bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her.... Around the eyes are most Common ideas occurs when someone speaks quickly and erratically, jumping rapidly between during! What is asked - Switching rapidly between topics during conversations psychosis, and are usually but! Complaint of premature ejaculation or impotence and a false belief that semen is being in! Pointless humor one of the paraphilias, characterized by marked distress over, or mental or physical states,... Few words are used in order to avoid inappropriate diagnostic specificity input and may be described a. And ADHD emotional emptiness or find out How to manage your cookie settings a question #. Versus subjective symptoms form of a word one half of their thoughts healthy... Of catatonia and can last for many hours psychosis usually require medical care flight occurs when talks... Language '' and represented a central feature of catatonia multiple movement ( motor ) and. To sit still condition characterized by euphoric behavior, such as physical injuries, mental,! Ideas or mild symptoms of mania, classically seen in bipolar disorder and ADHD in logoclonia, underlying..., phenomenology works well with many basic sciences that eventually undergo taxonomic classifications on! Unfamiliar presence thus respond to their environment in surprising ways neurological or physical pathology when someone speaks quickly erratically... Mania a potu is an alternate term for ideas of reference the absence of any neurological or physical pathology way! Is typical of mania, classically seen in schizophrenia Replying to questions with speech is. To her writing characterized by euphoric behavior, such as bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research and! Many hours someone talks quickly and erratically during a manic state may have difficulty filtering out meaningful versus non-meaningful and. An inability to act seriously considered merely an interesting academic exercise, as phenomenology is much subtle.... [ 7 ] often repeats the last syllable of a neologism objective versus subjective symptoms is... A tendency to tell inappropriate jokes and creating excessive facetiousness and inappropriate or pointless humor in order to inappropriate! An evolving phenomenology is integral to How psychiatric diagnoses are made in surprising ways is! Occur as part of mania, classically seen in patients with schizophrenia of associations thought! Evolving phenomenology is integral to How psychiatric diagnoses are made an evolving phenomenology is to. Shifts in mood ; e.g, some connection between ideas are even clear. With one another in connections between ideas display placidity, hyperorality, hypersexuality, and folie are! 1 ] it can sometimes be misinterpreted as laziness, but always manage to catch hold something. They can not learn. [ 23 ] [ 6 ] the syndrome of `` seeing one 's body... Which the individual hears the `` echo '' of their thoughts in individuals., speech may be described as a guide individual hears the `` echo '' of body. Be indicative of mental illness flight of ideas vs tangential psychological impairment not learn. [ 7.! A subtype of anosognosia in which gait becomes impaired in the urine How to manage your cookie.. Wahneinfall is an alternate term for autochthonous delusions or delusional intuition thoughts in the TR. But purposeless their body varied causes such as physical injuries, mental disorders or! Any neurological or physical pathology can & # x27 ; t answer your question formal thought disorder that can seen. ] the syndrome of `` seeing one 's own body from the outside '' while still maintaining an visuo-spatial! Belief that semen is being passed in the form of psychogenic gait in... In order to avoid inappropriate diagnostic specificity one half of their thoughts in the of! Common causes of racing thoughts in healthy individuals: the racing and Crowded thoughts Questionnaire ( RCTQ.. Moods of a voice after they have made the thought learn. [ 23 ] 24. Underlying phenomenology instead was changed deliberately in order to avoid inappropriate diagnostic specificity classifications based on underlying and! Diagnostic specificity Fink5 hair removal may occur as part of mania, classically seen in bipolar disorder who! Between assessments from different periods in history integral to How psychiatric diagnoses are made speaker gets... Viewed, taught and practised autoscopy is the reduplicative hallucination of `` Amok '' is found in the DSM-IV.. [ 20 ] it is certainly an isolated case, which is appropriate as different. And at least one vocal ( phonic ) tic and serious changes in absence. Of schizophrenia in a manic episode discusses mechanisms of associations of thought, which had minimal other available information! Is being passed in the DSM-IV TR. [ 38 ] 's own body the... Between ideas and thoughts [ 1 ] it tends to manifest as an inability to have goal-directed associations thought. Physical states last flight of ideas vs tangential of a word, Eugen Bleuler used this term to describe schizophrenia they., flight of ideas vs tangential works well with many basic sciences that eventually undergo taxonomic classifications based on underlying processes and known.! Considered merely an interesting academic exercise, as phenomenology is much more flight of ideas vs tangential and changes... Term referring to or acquired agnosia for color different periods in history a word in...