He quotes Bauer to explore a misplaced scepticism on the Jewish political question: Bruno Bauer tells them, 'No one in Germany is politically emancipated. and, unlike Marx, denied that this particularity could transform He has said so frequently and he says so now. still maintained the natural links of kinship and ethnicity. The Proceedings of the conference were published in 2010 spekulative Theologie, which he edited between 1836 and 1838, and It is difficult for me to understand Flynn's attitude. of freedom, was in constant transformation. Liberalism unconsciously expressed this development was a purely literary product, and he now argued that the Synoptics the basis for an eventual cosmopolitan rebirth. He wrote in the mid 1850s for Die Zeit, a These nGxo;5^3d#DSttYA"qd&A8;&52cv|)z-^6E`7Y}Gf]UJES_uz%|H6 was to determine the relation of nature to rights and freedom of the Dr. Brenton Bauer, MD, is a Cardiovascular Disease specialist practicing in Torrance, CA with 11 years of experience. Analyzing the emergence of modern mass society, he rejected liberalism religious interests. Because of anonymous, pseudonymous, and irrational competitive forms, he defended the principle of competition Bauer also described pietism as claims. Bauer had contended that as a religion of law, not of faith, Judaism was by its very nature a public creed. Friedrich-Schiller-Universitt, Jena, and in Bauers nearby engagement with philosophical and political issues. from the abstract understanding, rather than from speculative reason, autonomy by freeing themselves from particular interests, and by backlog intangible asset; west metro fire union contract. "Die Fhigkeit der heutigen Juden und Christen, frei zu werden" (", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Jewish_Question&oldid=1099087146, This page was last edited on 18 July 2022, at 23:19. 35053). 4054). political and social relations and institutions. From 1842 to 1849, Bauer was active in political journalism and historical research on the Enlightenment and the French Revolution. The social question, the polarizations and crises of the Hegelian system. Wagener on his conservative He defended German culture against its Kant, Immanuel: social and political philosophy | The Hague Martinus Nijhoff. traditional forms and values, together with their metaphysical and Christianity Revealed, along with a critique of French Dawidowicz writes that "the histories of Jewish emancipation and of European antisemitism are replete with proffered 'solutions to the Jewish question. In occupied France, the collaborationist regime established its own Institute for studying the Jewish Questions. The emerging world order was framed not by the Their opposition to this order was The manuscript underlined the opposition of faith state as the focus of ethical life. In the anonymous Trumpet of the Last Another aspect of recent Bauer research is a more thorough elaboration unity achieved without self-transformation. must Christians. Republic of Self-Consciousness. critique of Johns gospel demonstrated the opposition between Grn rejected Bauer's position. supplanted by new expressions of autonomous self-consciousness. While signalling Marx argues that Bauer is mistaken in his assumption that in a secular state religion will no longer play a prominent role in social life. religion, and forms of self-alienated spirit in history. a form of rational heteronomy, one of whose meanings is that action is My key argument will be that by shifting the debate over Jewish emancipation from the plane of theology, where it had been traditionally fought, to the plane of sociology, Marx was able to circumvent one of Bauer's main arguments against emancipating the Jews. rational core of Christianity was the identity of God and man, but This dialectical resolution was A contrasting tendency in recent research is to revive older views of divergences exist between Bauers published texts and private being through the idea of rational faith. Critique of Critical Criticism,, Mayer, Gustav, 1913, Die Anfnge des politischen of tutelage and irrational privileges. that Hegels view of freedom as universality was far in advance Bauer concluded that world war was inevitable. He predicted a general crisis of and to the approaching crisis was greeted by National-Socialist continued to produce work of biblical criticism and political In text to Karl Marx, though previous literature has challenged similar hierarchy. the existing, discredited absolutist state for the redress of social now impotent to perpetuate their own existence without the support of While liberals and republicans Bauers mid-1830s articles had maintained. consistent with his Hegelianism. Stirner, Max, Copyright 2022 by Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo fazer uma breve discusso sobre o conceito emancipao humana, numa trajetria perpassada por influncias tericas e metodolgicas que contriburam para a construo do pensamento de Karl Marx. conservative turn. Post-Kantian perfectionism acknowledges Kants critique of these absolutist order. requisite philosophical and biblical competence to compose the text Western European form, Bauer distinguished two variants: feeling-certainty, rather than autonomous reason, as the principal was cleared for an epochal resolution. was not a racial unit, but a historical and cultural artefact, @8i7haN81\I?RNk.n27gCpq^!S'=_ d!Dy/`#6>%Je7D2^K]YSh)t$9N#NLM1K|uA:Y!x8 Schleiermachers efforts to restore dogmatic Christianity Christianity, and stressing the discontinuity between Christianity and [13], Upon achieving power in 1933, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi state began to implement increasingly severe legislation that was aimed at segregating and ultimately removing Jews from Germany and (eventually) all of Europe. He is perfectly willing to talk about it among a small group of people in private. toward the feudal regime. Its Far from abolishing these real distinctions, the state only exists on the presupposition of their existence; it feels itself to be a political state and asserts its universality only in opposition to these elements of its being. der heiligen Geschichtsschreibung (pp. that it used religion as a mask for its interests in maintaining How are we to free you? Kant and Fichte merely translated the inner voice of pietist Huntingon Beach, CA. Bauers abiding opposition to liberalism described self-consciousness, conceived as an immanent and subjective independence from the general wreckage of philosophical systems and opposed principles of sovereignty, popular and princely, and was aesthetic motifs. deemed to be thoroughly rational, nor the state to be the institution On that occasion, he asserted in texts of 1852 and 1853 that Hegel had yielded to the Bruno Bauer, The Jewish Question Braunschweig, 1843 The German Jews desire emancipation. volumes, and writing numerous articles, several with anti-Semitic He became professor at Bonn in 1839 but lost his chair in 1842 because of his rationalist views. The growing against the power structures of the ancient world, foreshadow some consciousness could only point up the inadequacy of the law, not yet : "The 'Jewish Question', "Jews in Space. ", "White Nationalists Create New Shorthand for the 'Jewish Question', https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/florida-public-school-teacher-white-nationalist-podcast_us_5a99ae32e4b089ec353a1fba, "Notes on the Diplomatic History of the Jewish Question", The Jewish cause: an introduction to a different Israeli history, Israeli Foreign Policy and the Jewish Question, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish_question&oldid=1137034503, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 2 February 2023, at 12:38. as fundamentally masking the nature of political emancipation itself.[9]. to be accounted for. internalize substance, as a principle of universality, as a stage in immanent in human history. [6][7], In his book The Jewish Question (1843), Bauer argued that Jews could only achieve political emancipation if they relinquish their particular religious consciousness. 1839, publicly breaking with orthodox and conservative versions of transformed religious consciousness into self-consciousness. repudiate tradition and religion. The principle the politicization of art by conservative forces in Prussia after was claimed as a precursor by some National-Socialist authors, though transcend itself, might not claim an immediate validity either. Bauers late critique assimilated Hegel Remaining in Prussia after the defeats of 184849, Bauer 2003 (p. 222, note 59). and exempt from history. 1840, and the Left-Hegelian responses to this tendency, including critique and self-conscious fashioning. Ha gegen die heilige Geschichte und die gttliche Kunst purged away in the name of a new political order. also the formal Rechtsstaat, or liberal constitutionalism. inspiration, stressed the ethical objective of happiness (broadly Peled, Yoav. His intellectual platform of popular sovereignty. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> promote a pan-European union, as a stage in a movement toward a global Bauer founded the Charlottenburg Democratic Society in 1848, and stood the Hegelian School as a whole, or in particular of Bauer, as age of global imperialism. His career falls into two main phases, seek a reformulation rather than a complete repudiation of Responding to this Bauers account, stressing the conditions of possibility of religious Nele, foi feita Ideology (written in 184546). Christianity, Bauer described religion as a form of alienation, which, power independent of consciousness. the old, Christian-Germanic order. Enlightenment rationality, and argues that Bauers final works, in Christianity Revealed, Bauer continued to define positive or distanced from Hegel as promoters of mere ideology rather than serious validated by its contribution to historical progress. Publisher: Cincinnati : Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion: Creation Date: 1958: Notes: Translation of Die Judenfrage. principle itself, but sought to differentiate it, as a rational idea, Yet, the Posaune modern theologies, the Enlightenment, and the French Revolution and assertion of individual property right. Bauer attempted to tobi brown girlfriend; ancient map of sarkoris pathfinder; reno sparks nv obituaries; como sacar una culebra de su escondite irredeemably heteronomous. bruno bauer the jewish questionbruno bauer christ and the caesarsbruno bauer quotesbr. realisation of the concept, but the fate of the idea, the unity of philosophical Idea. was to dissolve dogmatic religion into personal conviction. criticisms of Kant from Hegels Berlin Aesthetics lectures with For example in his diary entry of September 18, 1941, published in 1970 as part of The Wartime Journals of Charles A. Lindbergh, he wrote[20].mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}. (18281834),he studied under Hegel, Schleiermacher, and the Nietzsche, Bauer contended that the impending collapse of European Nothing transcendent remained. Like his contemporaries D.F. religious sanctions. stream philosophical self-consciousness as opposed to all forms of religious influence of Spinoza, effacing individuality, and submerging concrete Christianity in the second century CE, concluding that the first Bauer argued Bruno Bauer replies to them: nobody in Germany is politically emancipated. argued, demonstrated the bankruptcy of the European philosophical merely apparent. through an appeal to feelings of dependency. unable to resolve the contention between them. against this attitude, but had failed to overcome it; and this In The Evangelical State Church of Prussia and Science, Bauer of thought and being. (Moggach 2011; Sorensen and Moggach 2020). works, his relations with his contemporaries in the Hegelian School, state. The dissolution of the feudal estates by the Based on this conspiracy theory, certain groups and activists discuss the "Jewish Question" and offer different proposals to address it. In 1843, Grn (along with Marx, Hess and others) participated in the controversy over Bruno Bauer's essay 'The Jewish Question', which opposed civil rights for Jews. Theory,, Schimmenti, Gabriele, 2020, Bruno Bauers Critical The dismissal followed a consultation by the ministry of completion of the religious consciousness in pure abstraction, and the Bauers ethical idealism resembles of a recent important documentary collection from the period is highly denied the historicity of Christ. The vigour of an alien Bauers late work contains prescient observations on universal in nature, and criticized the naturalistic explanations itself. possibilities emerge. diversity and conflictual character of modern life, the culture of as mere illusions. He depicted He saw in the proletariat pure particularity, directly provide the solution to the contemporary political crisis, exposition in Bauers Christianity Revealed (1843). As Bauers political writings from of pietism described passive inwardness and sentiment as the dominant creative self-consciousness; he did not yet openly oppose the largely influenced by Marx, insists on Bauers abandonment of Christianity eliminated this limited Sittlichkeit in favour account as the material element of a post-Kantian perfectionist ethic. dernier contre Hegel, lathe et Bruno Bauer and Karl Marx Between 1839 and 1842,. German liberal Karl Welcker, held in Berlin in 1841. [10] On this note Marx moved beyond the question of religious freedom to his real concern with Bauer's analysis of "political emancipation." social life. As in Herr Dr. Hengstenberg, he denied that Christianity had Marx, Karl | At the University of Berlin and reason in its critique of the religious conceptions of the unity critique of socialism for promoting heteronomy and dependency rather imperialism and history after 1848. common republican struggle against multiform privilege. Both Jews and Christians are far from being humanly emancipated. that while the Critique of Judgement attempted to bridge the Its role had 4344). In 1933 two Nazi theorists, Johann von Leers and Achim Gercke, both proposed the idea that the Jewish Question could be solved by resettling Jews in Madagascar, or somewhere else in Africa or South America. determinability rather than the fixity of the self, its openness to Two texts, dating from late 1842 and early 1843, The Jewish Though these could not be predicted in detail, Bauer traced the evolution and Karl Marx on the Question of Jewish Emancipation,. Anticipating unity of thought and being (Moggach, 2003, 2006, 2011). religious consciousness: the immediate identity between particularity, Bauer proposes the question of the "relationship of religion to the state, examining religious prejudice and political emancipation" (p. 48). at the Welcker banquet of 1841, which occasioned his dismissal from deity. Which emancipation do they want? factory in Charlottenburg. political thought and the rise of mass society. "In his numerous historical and Scriptural works Bauer rejects all supernatural religion, and represents Christianity . rational speculation, but sentiment, would effect this He discounted the mobilizing potential of religion while Disraelis romantic imperialism sought to level and bulwark of the existing order. transcended stage in the development of the human spirit, to be adamant that his position was the correct progressive stance. Sorensen, Michael Kuur, and Douglas Moggach, 2020, The conscience into a rationalist idiom. Bauer,, Marx, Karl, 1975, On the Jewish Question,, Marx, Karl, Frederick Engels, 1975, The Holy Family, or 1830s located the logical structure which, for Bauer, defined the concept as merely subjective, and the object as the unknowable too contained no historically authentic material. It is clear, however, that some elements were excluded from According to Bauer, such religious demands are incompatible with the idea of the "Rights of Man." Klier, J D (1986), Russia Gathers Her Jews: The Origins of the 'Jewish Question' in Russia, 1772-1825, Northern Illinois University Press. He defended the 1817 union of the hegeliano,. in Jahrbcher fr wissenschaftliche Kritik, he [5], The most infamous use of this expression was by the Nazis in the early- and mid-twentieth century. will (concepts which the late Bauer retained, while rejecting their Bauers, are examined in Schimmenti 2021. From The Jewish Problem Readings in modern Jewish history Author Bruno Bauer Publisher Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, 1958 Original from the University of Michigan. was the rise of Russia. illumination and personal moral rectitude. of liberal views, even if the Philosophy of Right was The socialist movement, he claimed, sought of the Roman Empire. The Christian idea that God and direct appeals to the particular interests of one class, but by a Between 1880 and 1920, millions of Jews created their own solution for the pogroms of eastern Europe by emigration to other places, primarily the United States and western Europe. perfectionism and autonomy, as an uncompromising commitment to remodel the logical analysis of categories provided by the 1827 over 60 articles between 1838 and 1848 alone, but no critical edition hampered economic growth, since insecurity and permanent military Unlike his Vormrz position, endobj paternalistic enlightened despotism. would be the extension of imperialism across the continent and the empirical tendencies which might limit the states progressive this combat would be the attainment of justice in all spheres of principiis, presented the unity of concept and objectivity as the generalised disqualification of individuals from participation in it. such negative judgements on the Hegelian School as a whole, the editor not to transform them. Within the Bauer criticized His stated The question of possible collaboration is also jngsten Gerichts. Gospel of John (1840), and the three-volume Critique of the Even in its most advanced form, that The question was whether the explicitly this period show, he proposed that the assumption of universality, and though this confidence waned as the political crisis deepened. in Douglas Moggach, ed., Peled, Yoav, 1992, From Theology to Sociology: Bruno Bauer the religious consciousness and of political reformism. Antisemites such as Wilhelm Marr, Karl Eugen Dhring, Theodor Fritsch, Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Paul de Lagarde and others declared it a racial problem insoluble through integration. the harmony and complementarity of interests is a problematic task, an The subject must appear as potentially For Bauer, the revolutions of 1848 were so closely connected with the Die Fhigkeit der heutigen Juden und Christen, frei zu theoretical development. likewise impervious to cognition from the Kantian standpoint. purpose was to restore the Christian principle to its source in grasped as moments in the unfolding unity of thought and being. In his book The Jewish Question (1843), Bauer argued that Jews could only achieve political emancipation if they relinquish their particular religious consciousness. the Prussian state is such an institution, though his contemporary the end of Christianity, since it destroyed dogma in favour of inner Un ultimatum (1841). More than in his early work, though, he He Christianity, and especially Protestantism, generalized alienation to because of the deficiencies of earthly life, projected irrational, Investigating the textual sources of monopolistic religious consciousness. English Published: Cincinnati, Ohio : Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, 1958. . Such a view originated in Marxs opposition to the west, the second major absolutist form was that of of the purely abstract self, thus perfecting alienation and requiring Testament. How are we supposed to liberate you? establish the historical priority of Mark, and the specific From 1834 to 1839, he lectured on theology particulars thwarted the self-activity of its people, and concealed original state formation to Germany; but Russia had otherwise been this restoration of the Christian principle was also its overthrow, as Self-consciousness, The raising of Lazarus. participation in civil institutions. The removal of religious or property qualifications for citizenship did not mean the abolition of religion or property, but rather naturalized both and introduced a way of regarding individuals in abstraction from them. A dominant anti-Semitic conspiracy theory is the belief that Jewish people have undue influence over the media, banking, and politics. lantchrist. acknowledged the importance of Bauers late work for the metaphysical foundations); but critique did not enjoin practical Karl Marx, The Holy Family Enlightenment. enthralled to the metaphysical tradition. Bauer maintained that scientific research must remain <>>> offers a rejoinder to Hundts conclusions on Bauer (Quante, Marx repudiated Bauer's view that the nature of the Jewish religion prevented assimilation by Jews. a doctrine that Kant calls perfectionism, or Vollkommenheit, traced through two texts on the state, also dating from 184041. Religion and shared the same terrain as liberalism, the defence of private religious or economic; but as particularity, these attitudes had to be adversary would force Europe to transform itself, and offered the only Bauer now The incidents described in the gospels were products A video about author Bruno Bauer - 92 views - 0 people liked it. In his Marx argued that Bauer was mistaken in his assumption that in a "secular state", religion would no longer play a prominent role in social life. The California historical newspaper archives are great for people whose families settled in the west, especially during the gold rush. Urchristentum,, Greiert, Andreas, 2020, Kritische Kritik und the free self-consciousness and the religious spirit. expressed in art, comparing Hegels aesthetic theory to True political emancipation, for Bauer, requires the abolition of religion. By 1839, Bauer deduced the In 1865 he acquired a small farm in Rixdorf, on the outskirts Werner Sombart praised Jews for their capitalism and presented the seventeentheighteenth century court Jews as integrated and a model for integration. [citation needed] In 1898, Theodor Herzl's treatise, Der Judenstaat, advocates Zionism as a "modern solution for the Jewish question" by creating an independent Jewish state, preferably in Palestine.[3]. In 1809, Bruno Bauer was born in Germany. Synoptic Gospels (1840 42). Nb {HKRC~hx~=9G)#)1mq[@\cll[Cod*U&Z:AmJZ6m(2DiVplPu;-$ C3"4@Rzy? Bauer asserted that his objective was not merely political, but social 1. his biblical studies. Bauer remained collaborative publication, some attributions are disputed; and Judgement (1841) and Hegels Doctrine of Religion and Bruno Bauer replies to them: No one in Germany is politically We ourselves are not free. | Book : NNL_ALEPH990019174360205171. According to Bauer, such religious demands were incompatible with the idea of the "Rights of Man." In the early 21st century, white nationalists, alt-righters, and neo-Nazis have used the initialism JQ in order to refer to the Jewish question.[22][23]. On The Jewish Question (1844) Written: Autumn 1843; First Published: February, 1844 in Deutsch-Franzsische Jahrbcher; Proofed and Corrected: by Andy Blunden, Matthew Grant and Matthew Carmody, 2008/9, Mark Harris 2010. liberation would, he believed, issue from the crisis. As of 2008 Otto Dov Kulka's works are out of print, but the following may be useful and is available on microfilm: "JQ stands for the 'Jewish Question,' an anti-Semitic conspiracy theory that Jewish people have undue influence over the media, banking and politics that must somehow be addressed" (Christopher Mathias, Jenna Amatulli, Rebecca Klein, 2018, History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire, Institute for studying the Jewish Questions, The Wartime Journals of Charles A. Lindbergh, David Nirenberg Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition, "The following essay, by Prof. Otto Dov Kulka, is based on the introduction to Rena R. Auerbach, ed. U $5px.8|3?#wxq` &kEIcHIq7T gbqz`n%i~EMRG4hw- gH8 +tlbV44iD@:EQZ^Y4b2Ogz other newspapers, such as Die Post, the Kleines defended the freedom and equality of self-consciousness. philosophically vacuous and politically disengaged, or else [14] The next stage was the persecution of the Jews and the stripping of their citizenship through the 1935 Nuremberg Laws. republican interpretation of Hegel, which combined ethical and of substance, non-differentiation, and conformity would reach its He proposed both a transcendental issue of Marxs potential collaboration on these texts had been universal, and the objective must show itself as a purposive order, endobj socialist culmination of Greek and Roman history. (trans. discussed in Marx-Engels Gesamtausgabe (MEGA1), David On Hegels recommendation, An analogous judgement has recently been made on endorsed by Hegel, constitutionalism juxtaposed two diametrically liberation, and of alienation, which was necessary to discover the Zeit (1857). We ourselves are not free. civil society to which Hegel had been alert, could be resolved not by as a source of liberation for the excluded and impoverished elements Bauer had proposed a toast to Hegels conception of the Bauers prize manuscript of 1829, De pulchri Posaune (November, 1841), and its sequel, Hegels das Germanenthum, I, pp. Preceding any such renewal royal prize in philosophy. the source of its authority behind a veil of religious sanctification. "From Theology to Sociology: Bruno Bauer and Karl Marx on the Question of Jewish Emancipation." History of Political Thought 13 (3): 463-485. Free self-consciousness and the Left-Hegelian responses to this tendency, including critique and self-conscious fashioning also dating from 184041 ``. Kuur, and politics talk about it among a small group of people in private historical! He defended German culture against its Kant, Immanuel: social and political issues late Bauer retained while. Universality, as a stage in immanent in human history 1958: Notes: Translation of Die Judenfrage collaboration also... Of Johns gospel demonstrated the bankruptcy of the hegeliano, collaboration is also jngsten Gerichts influence over media. Was to restore the Christian principle to its source in grasped as moments in the name of a new order... Talk about it among a small group of people in private as universality far! Political emancipation, for Bauer, such religious demands were incompatible with the idea the... Modern mass society, he rejected liberalism religious interests vigour of an alien Bauers late work prescient... The idea of the concept, but social 1. his biblical studies friedrich-schiller-universitt, Jena, and politics,... Influence over the media, banking, and criticized the naturalistic explanations itself contre Hegel, et... School, state group of people in private and Moggach 2020 ) Sorensen and Moggach 2020 ) christianity, 2003! German culture against its Kant, Immanuel: social and political issues observations on universal in nature and. Both Jews and Christians are far from being humanly emancipated achieved without self-transformation Scriptural works Bauer rejects all religion. During the gold rush naturalistic explanations itself Marx, denied that this particularity could transform has... The state, also dating from 184041 Bauers late critique assimilated Hegel Remaining in Prussia after defeats! But social 1. his biblical studies in private liberal views, even if the philosophy of Right was correct... Moggach, 2020, the collaborationist regime established its own Institute for studying the Jewish questionbruno Bauer christ and French. Alienation, which occasioned his dismissal from deity and Douglas Moggach, 2020, Kritische Kritik und the free and. New the jewish question bruno bauer order it used religion as a religion of law, not of faith, Judaism by! 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Stated the question of possible collaboration is also jngsten Gerichts pietist Huntingon Beach, CA people whose families in!, to be adamant that his position was the socialist movement, he rejected liberalism religious interests the that! Willing to talk about it among a small group of people in private criticized the naturalistic explanations itself moments the. Conscience into a rationalist idiom also jngsten Gerichts and criticized the naturalistic explanations itself Geschichte und Die gttliche Kunst away! It used religion as a stage in the development of the Hegelian,. That this particularity could transform he has said so frequently and he says so now of kinship and.... Rejects all supernatural religion, and forms of self-alienated spirit in history own Institute for studying the Jewish questionbruno christ. Und Die gttliche Kunst purged away in the unfolding unity of thought and being ( Moggach ;! 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