In 1963 Midwestern region was created and Nigeria became a nation of four regions. Federalism is a type of political arrangement in which political power is shared between the federal or central government and the federating units which may be called regions, states, provinces, etc. This structure allows each group to live in a way that maximizes their safety while minimizing effort. In fact, Nigeria can be seen as a prime example of the "resource curse", a phenomenon where natural resource wealth leads to poor economic growth and development and an increased likelihood for civil conflict. The system causes government to have control of itself because of great rivalry of power between the state and the nation. Other forms of government do not offer such an opportunity. This assessment on Federalism System, Its Advantages and Disadvantages was written and submitted by your fellow 4. By diffusing power to multiple branches of office, like the U.S. does with the executive, legislative, and judicial segments, it becomes more challenging for one division to take over the country. IvyPanda. Samuel is bent on changing the legal profession by building Web and Mobile Apps that will make legal research a lot easier. Register or login to make commenting easier. 6. From the above explanation, one can rightly say that the constitution of Nigeria and United States of America are federal constitutions while the constitution of France and the Republic of Ireland are Unitary constitutions. Required fields are marked *. The state also has the power to pass laws to protect the safety, health and the economic welfare of the citizens. Many people avoid following laws such as paying of sales taxes to state due to federalism. w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr Importance of Federalism in Nigeria are listed and explicated herein. Most are governed by a Congress or Parliament, a President or Prime Minister, and then some form of a judicial system. There must be a formal decision of government powers by the constitution between the federal and state government. The state government has the mandate of conducting elections, establishing local government and rectifying and amending constitution The national government in American Federalism has delegation powers which are always given to them by the constitution. 4. given Americans wider ranges of choice among the different political and economic . \(\overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=} \). The Founders of this country identified several reasons for creating a federalist government: To evade tyrannical rule As of 2012, the population was about 166.2 million but this has increased to 200.96 million in 2019. For the time being the focus rests on advantages. Thus, it is often said that only rich countries can afford it. Justice Udo Udoma is of the view that regionalism was introduced by the colonialists in order to divide and rule, and weaken true national unity in Nigeria. Retrieved from https://ivypanda.com/essays/federalism-2/. This process can create positive or negative results. The history of Ijaw, Edo, Igala, Yoruba, Igbo, Nupe and Hausa Kingdoms are enriched with social-political relationships that existed before the emergence of the white man. The states have now become the administrative units of the federal government. Federalism provides a structure that diffuses governmental power . What are the negative effects of federalism? 2. The case for federalism in Nigeria has been to accommodate and manage diversity while taking economic advantage of its sheer size and population to promote development. 2023. The federal system can promote inequalities among citizens since natural resources and opportunities differ from region to region. You can learn more about how we use cookies by visiting our privacy policy page. The federal system makes government more manageable. Federalism makes it possible for some population groups to place the wants of the majority over the needs of the entire community. On the other hand, local governments have a comparative advantage in the supply of local public goods, particularly those for which there are no significant economies of scale and whose preferences differ spatially. The fear of ethnic groups overlapping regional boundaries and the loyalties of castes cutting of some extent across provincial political boundaries also encourage some groups to support wider federal unions. However, that is not so in a federal government system. This is why federalism is such a great advantage. Federalism brings about peaceful political association of multi-ethnic groups: Federalism produces a stronger and stable nation: Equitable development and growth of the nation. The Benefits of Federalism Among the merits of federalism are that it promotes policy innovation and political participation and accommodates diversity of opinion. Some of these powers include: power to declare war, coin money, raise navy and armies and govern the Indian tribes (Elazar, 138). student. Written constitution are mostly rigid, with cumbersome amendment procedure, which leads to the problem of how to easily amend it to make it suit changing needs and time. Because communities can set their own laws (within reason) under a federalist structure, it becomes possible for some population groups to place the wants of the majority over the needs of the entire community. 3 Advantages Of Federalism In The Philippines. Too many elected representatives with overlapping roles may also lead to corruption. /Filter /DCTDecode If you travel to almost any town, city, or village in the United States, then you will discover a different set of laws, rules, and regulations to follow. There are natural disasters, national welfare aid distributed to the states for authorization, public education resources, and many more benefits or circumstances where someone must navigate each level of government to find the results they want. In a Unitary system, the minority states cannot govern the entire region which is controlled by majority. If the desire to remain separate does not exist, the the association will not be federal but unitary with some delegation of powers to local government. This was due to several reasons such as: Dye, Thomas. Thus, federalism seemed to be the only option left for Nigeria because it allows for popular participation in government. For example, pollution from a province which is promoting industrialization in a big way can affect another region which depends solely on agriculture and cause crop damage. Division of work between the central and the regional governments leads to optimum utilization of resources. Federalism as a system of government which is meant to help to advance good governance and development of a multi-ethnic and big country like Nigeria. New York: Harper & Row, 1984. Federalism is a type of government in which the sovereign authority of political power is usually divided between two units. For example, in countries with states that speak different languages, regional schools can provide multilingual education. You are already subscribed to our newsletter! Naturally, federal system of government has some distinctive features namely: 1. What are the main functions of federal and state governments? Copyright 2023 - IvyPanda is operated by, Continuing to use IvyPanda you agree to our, Federalism System, Its Advantages and Disadvantages, Anti-Anti Immigration: Principles to Make Migration Work, Australian Education System from 1788 to 1948, The Peopling Process of Australia Since 1788 With Influence of Racism, Methods of Dealing with Problems of Federalism, National and State Powers in American Federalism, Reasons for increase in the Powers of the Nation since 1788, Federalism and Government Styles in the United States, Federal versus State Regulation of Insurance Industry in United States. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Thus, from 1914 to 1946, 1963, 1967, 1976, 1987 and 1993 the Nigerian 2. Since gaining independence, the countries Nigeria looked up to using this system of government, and the zeal of the founding fathers to replicate such development at home, made them adopt federalism. Both scenarios pose a threat to the countries integrity. Thus, the failure of Nigerian federalism can be attributed to its' abundance and dependence on oil resources. Elected officials are closer to what a citizen is than a state official under this structure, which means people can visit a local office to express their opinions without a fear of judgment. Even the masses in the rural areas of the country are allowed to participate in politics by electing their representatives into office. 2.5 It Encourages Innovation In Governing. Although there is always a level of national pride, local patriotism is usually the first level of loyalty that an individual will experience. Knowing who is responsible for specific issues can make it difficult for any aid to make it to its intended destination. Rt. What are strengths and weaknesses of federalism? Federalism creates a protection against tyranny. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Your email address will not be published. Common national, racial, religious, cultural linguistic or social ties have often contributed to the unification of political unit. The only way that American federalism was going to be restored and maintained was by reinstating major principals and empowering the state. When a government is closer to its citizens, then it can provide a responsive solution when there are citizen needs, emergency situations, or changes that are necessary in the structure of laws. All these strengthen political bonds and gave Rice to unity in diversity. /Width 371 This particular corroborated federalism in Nigeria. The confrontation between a predominantly Muslim North and a predomi-nantly Christian South, a confrontation accentuated by the political advantages derived from the North's preponderant size and population. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ One of the most significant examples of this issue involves the legalization of recreational cannabis. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ I enjoin you to read the advantages and disadvantages of a written constitution here! Again, in 1967 twelve states were created to appease the interest of those clamoring for states and weaken the geo-political holds of Biafra. Many federalist governments struggle with the issue of individual equality at some level. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. We're sorry, but in order to log in and use all the features of this website, you will need to enable JavaScript in your browser. What characteristics allow plants to survive in the desert? A federal government offers representation to different populations. And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. November 23, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/federalism-2/. This is why there is a clamoring for restructuring and true federalism in Nigeria. If the policy proves to be beneficial, then it can be expanded to be used nationwide. Federal systems emerge in two broad ways both of which have epochal . This post will give you some insight into why federalism was adopted as the system of governance in Nigeria. Adobe d C Rather there has been more challenges than benefits of this federal system. This resulted in the loss of many lives. They will have to face legal charges for their actions in whichever state they are in. When the central and state governments, both work hand-in-hand for the development of their economy, with a degree of freedom that is necessary . To avert this domination, states unite to form a strong, virile and stable union capable of withstanding external attacks. Thats not to say that all actions are a disadvantage. America also wanted to possess implied powers which were considered necessary and appropriate for the nation to undertake delegated duties and powers. Proportional representation (PR) systems are argued to be the political system most advantageous to women's political representation. This process involves filing a lawsuit to block the implementation of what the community feels is a potentially harmful requirement. Don't want to keep filling in name and email whenever you want to comment? For example, when typhoon Katrina hit Greater New Orleans, USA, in 2005, there was delay in the rescue work as there was confusion between the state governments and the federal government on who is responsible for which disaster management work. There is a general opinion that Nigeria was formed because of the interest of the British and they had to govern the country under a federation system. Even when there is a significant majority of one party in the government (as the GOP encountered in 2016), it can still be difficult to create monumental changes that impact everyone. There are also some noteworthy disadvantages, and these will be identified later in this chapter. The comparison of the results of these policies can give a clear idea of which policy is better and thus, can be adopted in the future. The two levels always have final authority and self governance in specific areas. What is the advantage of federal state structure? You can use them for inspiration, an insight into a particular topic, a handy source of reference, or even just as a template of a certain type of paper. I love this article,very educating and interesting Federalism System, Its Advantages and Disadvantages. They believe that the federal government should be able to: make policy in its areas of jurisdiction without consulting the provinces; have access to most of the revenue from taxation ; and make conditional grants to provinces even in matters outside its jurisdiction. Federalism is very important to make sure that people from every part of the country have a representative in the decision-making groups (i.e. The federal system makes government more manageable. This is where the regional government steps in. Importance of Federalism in Nigeria. The top 1% of income earners own a majority of the wealth increases experienced since 2009. It came about following the necessity for administrative convenience and managerial expenses. And even now we can see the population of Nigeria compared to other countries in Africa. Federalism often protects the will of the majority at any cost. Unfortunately, since the formation of Nigeria and adoption of this system of governance in the country has not seen much effect of federalism. What Are The Advantages Of Federalism? During the late 1960s and 1970s, demand for the recognition and protection of specific individual rights extended the era of cooperative federalism, as the national government addressed issues such as fair housing, education, voting rights, mental health, job safety, environmental quality, and the rights of disabled persons. 2. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. However, the practice of fiscal federalism in Nigeria is a negation of true federalism. Roxy Horner biography: who is Jack Whitehalls girlfriend? The results that come from these efforts can then be useful when deciding if such an idea should be rolled out to the rest of the country. Possessing taxation power under the 16. In a federal system, power is shared by the national and state governments. It was believed that federal system of government would take care of the interest of the minority and human rights that had been the fear of the minority under colonial rule. This structure made slavery and segregation a continuing issue in the United States until the 1960s. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. It contains thousands of paper examples on a wide variety of topics, all donated by helpful students. Below are the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federal system of government: The major reason for the adoption of federal system of government in Nigeria is borne out of the historical experience that brought all the ethical groups together under one Nigeria. So, what are the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? Check your inbox to be the first to know the hottest news. On the subject of policy innovation, Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis observed in 1932 that "a single courageous state may, if its citizens choose, serve as a laboratory; and . Every province has political, social and economic problems peculiar to the region itself. The states' territories were formed around ethnic groups with common interest and close ties, culture, and dialects. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. It is a unitary system of governance where by power is concentrated in a single national government. So, our federalist form of government has several advantages, such as protecting us from tyranny, dispersing power, increasing citizen participation, and increasing effectiveness , and disadvantages , such as supposedly protecting slavery and segregation, increasing inequalities between states, states blocking national policies, and racing to the bottom in terms of how they treat their citizens. It is also promotes regional inequalities. This is also one of the reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria. You cannot drive a horse in Indiana above a set speed limit of 10mph. May 7, 2015. It allows different localities to adapt their policies to the needs and wishes of local populations. A recent example in the United States of this advantage is the requirement to drug test working adults who receive welfare benefits. The government, at the federal, state and local levels, should continue to be answerable to the Nigerian people, work assiduously to protect Nigeria as a nation-state and be mindful that the. Real federalism has never existed in Nigeria (Ajasin, 1992; Odisu, 2015). So majority if not all of them were in favor of a federalist system of governance. The local governments could distribute resources first instead of relying on the national government like the island because of the availability of local resources. It gives federal and state governments the authority to make laws that would improve power supply. People become more involved with their government in a variety of ways when federalism is the structure in place. In summary, we use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Another factor that prompted the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the fear of insecurity and the desire for union. The federal system better tackles regional and local problems and needs. The 1951 constitution gave more strength to regionalism with the creation of two chamber legislation in the northern and western Nigeria. It is important to also reason that small states are prone to domination and sometimes control by the big ones. It is always recommended to visit an institution's official website for more information. the country. The reasons are not far fetch; the federal government, ever since the intervention of the military in government, has. Whatever the case may be, its success lies in the overall benefit and growth of the economy. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Kayode Oladele. The federal system better tackles regional and local problems and needs. IvyPanda. This process also requires a lawsuit, which clogs up the judicial system with even more matters to discuss. Different states also have different laws making it hard to enforce law on visitors who had moved in the state. It should be noted that the Federal Military Government had earlier by fiat taken proceeds from offshore prospecting and drilling activities directly under federal eminent domain. This was many times more the population of most African countries then. It . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Geographical factor, (iv) Economic factor Nigeria as a result was divided into three provinces. Nigeria became a federation of three regions in 1954 while today it is a federation of thirty-six states. regions, states, provinces. As at the time of independence, the population of Nigeria was estimated at 45.21 million. The priorities of the majority receive more attention with Federalism. Federalism also causes disunity due to diversity in language, culture, religion and economy. In light of this, a constitution is said to be federal when its operates two levels of government, that is the federal and state, and each of this level exercise its different powers without interference by the other level. They believed that federalism was a means to an end and that end was an all-encompassing development sweeping through the length and breadth of the country. Also, there was a demand for more local regions by all these ethnic interest groups which was what led to the creation of new states. Political institutions, Kinship ties, Origin of towns and their cultural antecedents are enriched with similar history. The constitution emphasized areas of authority between the central government and the regions. 1. One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. The Supreme Court of the United States underscored the point when it said that "the people of the United States are an integral, not a composite mass, and their unity and identity, in this . Several positive and negative attributes of federalism have manifested themselves in the U.S. political system. Federalism was implemented in Nigeria as way back as 1946 during the British colonial era. The local governments can decide to fight the existence of some specific national laws by going through the justice system of the country. Do you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete? Many forms of federalism look to create checks and balances throughout society as a way to create an equal governing process. November 23, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/federalism-2/. Abacha regime, added more states making Nigeria a federation of 36 states and Federal capital Territory at Abuja. The states were later increased to 30 states. There was just the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate. 2.4 It Provides A Structure That Diffuses The Governmental Power. In Nigerian democracy, there is a federalist system of government. The government demands to have war powers were created by tragedies of modern wars. One state might reduce their subsidy benefits to encourage people to move to a different state that offers a higher benefit. The definition of federalism is straightforward: it is the federal principle or system of government. Federalism provides a structure that diffuses governmental power. People must stay in compliance with the laws that are in every layer of governing. The governmental powers are shared between the federal government and the thirty-six state governments. Federalism increases the level of participation by individuals. 7. This means that the citizens always have political responsibility to both governments who also secure their rights in the country. 3. No doubt, the Ethnic, Religious and Geographical nature of Nigeria also contributed to the reason why federalism was adopted. The contradictions generated by this rigional arrangement threatened Nigeria unity. They are better suited to deal with the true things that need to be changed. The political parties involved in the first republic were more formed on a regional basis. Nigeria is currently made up of 36 states, with Abuja as the capital. Provincial, state or local government representatives live in close proximity to the people and are most of the times from the same community, so that they are in a better position to understand these problems and offer unique solutions for them. These include: 1. This process is usually a healthy way to help keep households safe no matter where they are in the country. Then Nigeria was organised into a federation that had three regions. Six particular advantages merit some discussion here: 8. 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Experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits Advantages merit some discussion here: 8 divided three. Formal decision of government powers by the big ones states and federal capital Territory at Abuja taxes to due... The needs of the country has not seen much effect of federalism in as. American federalism was adopted as the system of governance other forms of government do not such! It hard to enforce law on visitors who had moved in the Northern and western politicians that did! And dialects countries in Africa may also lead to corruption a level of loyalty that an individual will experience groups! Federation of thirty-six states it difficult for any aid to make it to &...