Slower It was characterized by the rise of abolition and the gradual polarization of the . - challenged white Americans to face up to the reality that men and women no different form themselves were being held in bondage. Why did so many prominent white Americans, from both the North and South, support the colonization of freed slaves? But Transcendentalism had many more participants whose interests ranged across the spectrum of antebellum reform. \text{Income Taxes Payable}& 430,000 &300,000\\ \quad\text{Total Assets}& \$20,000,000 &\$17,000,000\\ Her body, her possessions (Except personal items), her children. According to many antebellum reformers, intemperance (drunkenness) stood as the most troubling problem in the United States, one that eroded morality, Christianity, and played a starring role in corrupting American democracy. \text{Retained Earnings, December 31, 2012}&& 2,800,000\\ \text{Retained Earnings, December 31, 2013}&& \$ 5,000,000\\ Additionally, some of the conspirators were recruited at the Hungary Baptist Meeting House, the church Gabriel and his brothers attended. The development of separate northern and southern economies, westward expansion of the nation, and a spirit of reform marked the era. In 1834, middle-class women in New York City organized the Female Moral Reform Society, which sought to redeem prostitutes from lives of sin and to protect the morality of single women. \text{EXPENSES}\\ A key moment came in 1840, when the Anti-Slavery Society split after a woman, Abigail Kelley, was nominated to serve on one of the Societys committees. 13 A House Divided - Revi, EOAC 1700 Conflict Management & Resolution, EOAC 1600 EO Complaint Process & Interview Sk, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine. There were still moments and events that made many Americans think that there was a lot of value in slavery in terms of free labor. Many types of reform movements existed during this period in the United States, and groups and causes only grew more splintered over time. The Burned-Over District was not only the site of revivals of the Protestant denominations of the Second Great Awakening, but also the birthplace of new religious movements such as the Millerites, a millennial group who preached that the Second Advent (or second coming) of Jesus was imminent. )%2F13%253A_Antebellum_Revival_and_Reform%2F13.03%253A_American_Antebellum_Reform, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 13.2: Cultural Movements- Transcendentalism, Utopian Communities, and the Cult of Domesticity, Abolitionism and the Womens Rights Movements, Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter, source@https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/history-textbooks/1/, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. \quad\text{Total Property, Plant, and Equipment}& \$10,000,000 &\$ 9,400,000\\ The emerging American middle class participated in reform not only for religious reasons, but also to confirm their new social status. d. 12.0012.0012.00 a. The reform impulse was not solely confined to the United States; Europeans were also in the midst of their own reform efforts. Angelina later married Theodore Dwight Weld, a prominent abolitionist preacher. The Antebellum Period in American history is generally considered to be the period before the Civil War and after the War of 1812, although some historians expand it to all the years from the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 to the beginning of the Civil War. \text{Hutchinson Company (25\\\% Owned)} &175,000 &100,000\\ Through these moral reform societies, churches hoped to change society by putting individuals on the path to righteousness. This reform impulse captured one of the Second Great Awakenings basic messages: humanity could be improved, and indeed, perfected through religion and reform. The message held the greatest appeal for those without power in society. Women played a large role in education reform. Antebellum reform was international in scope . \end{array} But one of the greatest frustrations that many black abolitionists faced was the racism they sometimes experienced from their fellow white abolitionists. Fifty-five slaves were tried for insurrection, murder, and treason. For the urban poor, a very few were able to attend private charitable schools. Channings 1819 Unitarian Christianity sermon, which outlined many of the core beliefs of the new American sect, such as a belief in human goodness and rejection of the Trinity, inspired many churches to adopt Unitarianism. Early nineteenth-century, most children were educated in locally supported schools and many had no access to learning at all. "In the history of the world," Ralph Waldo Emerson declared in 1841, "the doctrine of Reform had never such scope as at the present hour." Not much a joiner of causes himself, Emerson had in mind a remarkable flowering of reform movements from roughly 1815 until the Civil War that were striking to observers at the time and to historians ever since for their energy, variety, and . American reformers believed that their country was destined to become a great democracy. These communities differed greatly in structure and motivation. Abolitionism was perhaps the most radical of the reform movements of the era. Its program for ending slavery stood in stark contrast to the "colonizationist" position earlier . \textbf{Current Liabilities}\\ The convention ended with the issue of the Declaration of Sentiments, a document that largely paralleled the Declaration of Independence, and leveled a series of charges against the patriarchy of the United States that had been the source of the oppression of women. The American relationship with alcohol was not an issue that was resolved in the era of reform. The utopian communities challenge existing ideas about property and marriage by prohibiting sexual relations between men and women altogether, others allowed them to change partners at will and the abolition of private property must be accompanied by an end to men's property in women. The driving force behind the Latter Day Saint movement was its founder, Joseph Smith, Jr. Much of the influence for this reformist influence came from the Second Great Awakening and its call to redeem sinners, as well as its belief in the goodness of humans. Rumors spread across the South that the rebellion was not limited to Virginia; more African Americans were killed or arrested in Alabama, Virginia, and in other slaveholding states. Legal. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. In the north, the Second Great Awakenings message and movement was just as powerful as in the South, and perhaps even more so. Determined to make abolitionism a political movement, the seceders formed the Liberty Party, which nominated James G. Birney as its candidate for president. The abolitionist sentiment was also present in the South. \textbf{Current Assets}\\ Slaves faced arbitrary power abuses from whites; they coped by creating family and community . Give Me Liberty! ) Transatlantic cooperation galvanized efforts to reform individuals' and societies' relationships to alcohol, labor, religion, education, commerce, and land ownership. Beginning in the 1820s, reformers sought to combat the ignorance, vice, and ills of society through the public education of the nations youth. One of the defining characteristics of the Second Great Awakening was large gatherings at religious revivals. Much of this perception stems from the Cult of Domesticity. The temperance movement served as another outlet for the reforming impulses of women in the wake of the Second Great Awakening. Merchants with commercial ties to the South. Calvinism, which taught that only an elect few Christians would be saved, lost much of its appeal; Americans instead turned to a relatively new kind of Christianity, evangelicalism. By the 1820s, the Methodist and Baptist churches were the largest evangelical denominations. 2. In the north, the movement reached its zenith in the Burned-Over District of Charles Finney. The book reports that there, Jesus visited the Nephites after his crucifixion and resurrection. The new Protestant denominations, most prominently the Baptists and Methodists, grew in strength and numbers. Much of this burst of creative energy was inspired by the work of Charles Finney. Many of his followers sold their worldly goods and gathered either in churches or in fields to await the arrival of Jesus. \text{Other Current Liabilities}& 460,000 &200,000\\ Like many religious movements of the day, Mormons believed in the imminent Second Coming of Jesus. He ended his appeal by writing, I will not equivocate- I will not excuse- I will not retreat a single inch- and I will be heard. Along with an immediate end to slavery, Garrison also espoused racial equality as an absolute necessity to ending the institution without massive bloodshed. Evangelism found its greatest influence and the greatest number of converts in a movement of religious revivals in the United States: The Second Great Awakening. \text{Building}& 4,000,000 &4,000,000\\ \text{Advances from Customers}& 640,000 &660,000\\ \text{Salaries Payable}& 300,000& 240,000\\ In the early nineteenth century, a succession of religious revivals collectively known as the Second Great Awakening remade the nation's religious landscape. Two of the leading figures of the womens rights movement met at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. Early nineteenth-century America was a time of reform. Many Americans viewed drunkenness as a major national problem, and the battle against alcohol and the many problems associated . Preferred Pace of Life - many colonizationists believed African Americans slavery and racism were so deeply embedded in American life that blacks could never achieve equality if freed. Yet for the slave and free black communities, the movements message inspired several rebellions as a call to freedom. William Miller, a Baptist convert and editor of the Advent Herald, preached that October 22, 1844 would be the date of the Second Coming, basing his predictions on Biblical prophecy. In 1821, Finney set out to preach in western New York. What were the differences between the common school and the institutions like asylums, orphanages, and prisons that were created by reformers? This experience empowered many women, who were encouraged to speak out, show devotion, and express themselves as spiritual equals. Margaret Fuller - wrote, had the same right to develop their talents, to "growto live freely and unimpeded.". By the end of the meeting, a plan emerged to march on the city of Richmond on August 30, 1800, seizing the capitol and capturing the governor. What were the major goals of antebellum reform? e. 111.78111.78111.78. Teachers tend to be so . In some instances, whites and blacks had separate, adjacent meetings; in others, they attended the same camp meeting, but slaves were in segregated seating. What were the diverse sources of the antebellum women's rights movement? The Grimk sisters, Sarah and Angelina, spoke out against the system of slavery in many forums. By the 1790s, these two churches were gaining great popularity in the United States. In particular, English abolitionists were outspoken and powerful in effecting change in the British global empire. Like the preachers of the revivals, the temperance movement reformers called for individuals to lead clean lives and to redeem their sinning neighbors. Because it was generally inclusive of everyone, the message was spread to men and women, to rich and poor, and among slaves and free blacks alike. The wealthy engaged private tutors and academies. Workhouses were established to keep the poor from drunkenness, idleness, and gambling. antebellum reform movements squarely in the context of the era's market revolution and the Second Great Awakening, and in so doing underscores the linkages between of economic, . In addition to cotton, the great commodity of the antebellum South was human chattel. For the next eight years, Mott and Stanton worked to build support for such an organization. 1. The antebellum reform movements were based in a network of voluntary, church-affiliated reform organizations. Over the course of the next thirty years, Dix worked to help found thirty-two mental hospitals in the United States and abroad. However, abolitionism developed significantly over the 1800s. Dix was instrumental in motivating a state role in the creation of these facilities. Explain in your own words the significance of writing a bad check. Book: United States History to 1877 (Locks et al. This message of freedom was most clearly expressed in its associations with slave rebellions. \text{Bonds Payable}& \$ 3,648,000 &\$ 3,600,000\\ - women at this time were fighting to show that they are just as good as men. Veseys plan called for teams of rebels to attack targets such as the arsenal and guardhouse. Many colonizationists believed African Americans slavery and racism were so deeply embedded in American life that blacks could never achieve equality if freed and allow to in the country" ( Foner, Eric. Questions relating to the financial statements of Chicago Corporation follow. The movement began in Europe in the 1700s with the growth of the Baptist movement and the foundation of the Methodist church. \quad\text{Average Shares Outstanding)} &&\$ 2.68\\ Many prominent African American abolitionists such as Frederick Douglass were members of the Society. It is also during this time that higher education began to open to women. Harriet Beacher Stowe's novel was to some extent modeled on the autobiography of fugitive slave Josiah Henson. Both were popularly-rooted movements that emphasized conversion and a spiritual rebirth through personal religious experiences. David Walker, an African American abolitionist, called for a unified global black voice against slavery in his Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World. Consolidated Balance Sheets \text{Income TaxesCurrent}&& 1,430,000\\ The temperance movement and organizations had more than a million supporters who enthusiastically held rallies and distributed pamphlets on the evils of demon rum. By the 1860s, their efforts had indeed slowed, but certainly did not stop, the average Americans consumption of alcohol. In every state, laws restricted the political and civil liberties of free African Americans. \text{Cost of Goods Sold}&&\$ 5,000,000\\ Moral reform groups promoted temperance, or abstinence from alcohol. The Unitarian movement spread through many of the Congregationalist churches of the area. Reformers' definition of the free individual was the person who internalized the practice of self-control. Other important politicians, including James Madison and Abraham Lincoln, favored repatriation rather than emancipation. These preachers travelled to the most remote areas, such as the Appalachian region, preaching to individuals, families, and communities. Americans consumed huge quantities of liquor in the early 1800s, including gin, whiskey, rum, and brandy. Douglass was a skilled orator and a prolific writer. The antebellum women participated in the public sphere with their own groups that they made themselves after being excluded from government and politics. For the most part the reforms were a part of internal turmoil and the international scope was very limited. Even anti-slavery and abolitionist groups refused to grant full rights to black members. Antebellum Convention Movement The antebellum convention movement consisted of a series of national, regional, and state conventions held by blacks in North America on an irregular basis from 1830 to 1861. Gabriels Rebellion of 1800 grew in part out of a series of revival meetings in the area of Richmond, Virginia. Many mentally ill individuals eventually ended up imprisoned as well, as no facilities for the treatment of the mentally ill existed. Far more women than men were converted during the revivals of the Second Great Awakening. Meanwhile in the United States, the movement lost steam during the 1840s and 1850s as the tensions between free and slave states escalated. Social activists sought to end slavery and establish greater rights for women. REVENUESSalesGainonSaleofMachineryandEquipmentEquityinEarningsofAffiliates:ChicagoFinanceCorporationRosenwaldCompanyHutchinsonCompanyTotalRevenuesEXPENSESCostofGoodsSoldEmployeePayrollExpenseDepreciationofPlantandEquipmentandAmortizationofLeasedPropertyRightsBadDebtExpenseInterestExpenseGeneralCorporateExpensesIncomeTaxesCurrentIncomeTaxesDeferredTotalExpensesNetIncomeLess:DividendsonPreferredSharesDividendsonCommonSharesIncreaseinRetainedEarningsRetainedEarnings,December31,2012RetainedEarnings,December31,2013BasicEarningsperCommonShare(Basedon1,600,000AverageSharesOutstanding)DilutedEarningsperShare(AssumingConversionofPreferredStock)$1,800,000125,00075,000$13,920,000200,0002,000,000$16,120,000$5,000,0003,000,0001,000,000AmortizationofPatent120,000455,000420,0001,430,000170,000$11,720,000$4,400,000(120,000)(2,080,000)$2,200,0002,800,000$5,000,000$2.68$2.20125,000, Chicago Corporation -The Owenites originated in Britain and that practice made its way to Indiana, which makes it international in scope because it aimed to spread the ideas of this society around the world. This led to a women's movement that would run side by side with the abolition movement for equal rights among all people that live in the United States. In her letter, she explained how her activity in the abolitionist movement had opened her eyes to the oppression of women in the United States. 30.4130.4130.41 For some women, church membership and the new Christian message offered more personal power and greater personal freedom, as becoming active in the church was considered to be acceptable feminine conduct. utopian communities (p. 434) \text{Total Current Liabilities}& \$ 2,430,000 &\$ 1,800,000\\ In 1833, Garrison was among the group that founded the American Anti-Slavery Society. In the decades prior to the Civil War, reformers in the U.S. looked to Europe for models of social and political change. \text{Goodwill}& 1,125,000& 1,125,000\\ \text{Land}& \$ 500,000 &\$ 400,000\\ In 1822 , a former slave named Denmark Vesey planned to lead eighty slaves in a revolt in Charleston, South Carolina. Baptists and Methodists preached that all could achieve salvation and that all people were equal before God. Unitarians stressed the inherent goodness of humankind. TEMPERANCE. The era of reform was born in part from religious reformation: the charge to seek perfection, live a righteous life, and to help redeem sinners spread beyond church and camp meeting. \quad\text{Total Liabilities and Shareholders Equity}& \$20,000,000 &\$17,000,000\\ An important example of the abolitionist voice in the South came from sisters from Charleston, South Carolina who had migrated north and become Quakers because of their abolitionism. Male2302090Female2182448, b. Although Vesey's plans failed, southerners became terrified of losing control over slaves. \text{Rent Received in Advance}& 50,000& \\ b. 2. The African Americans wanted equal rights and so the white Americans imposed that they would let them go back to Africa and have their freedom. Young female teachers staffed many of the schools. What were the similarities between the common school and the institutions like asylums, orphanages, and prisons that were created by reformers? The Second Great Awakening began in the 1790s and, by the 1820s, had emerged as a major religious movement. Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio became the first co-educational institution when it admitted four women in 1837. Others sought to build and improve public and state institutions such as prisons, asylums, and schools. As the movement progressed throughout the South, the many preachers used Biblical passages to support and bolster the institution of slavery and the role of white man as patriarch in model of the Old Testament: master to slaves, women, and children alike. A man could divorce his wife should she commit adultery but a woman could not divorce her husband on grounds of adultery. The amendment was passed after years of efforts by temperance societies throughout the country. \quad\text{Hutchinson Company}& 75,000 &2,000,000\\ \text{Depreciation of Plant and Equipment and Amortization}\\ The Americans made up a tiny minority of the population but dominated Liberian politics until the 1980s. \text{Deferred Tax Liability} &\$ 1,570,000 &\$ 1,400,000\\ (Problem 10), ASSETSCurrentAssetsCash$100,000$200,000CertificateofDeposit225,000AccountsReceivable(NetofEstimatedUncollectiblesof$100,000in2012and$160,000in2013)600,000500,000MerchandiseInventory1,800,0001,500,000Prepayments200,000200,000TotalCurrentAssets$2,925,000$2,400,000InvestmentsChicagoFinanceCorporation(40%Owned)$4,000,000$2,200,000RosenwaldCompany(50%Owned)1,025,000900,000HutchinsonCompany(25%Owned)175,000100,000TotalInvestments$5,200,000$3,200,000Property,Plant,andEquipmentLand$500,000$400,000Building4,000,0004,000,000MachineryandEquipment8,000,0007,300,000PropertyRightsAcquiredUnderLease1,500,0001,500,000Total$14,000,000$13,200,000LessAccumulatedDepreciationandAmortization(4,000,000)(3,800,000)TotalProperty,Plant,andEquipment$10,000,000$9,400,000Intangibles(atNetCarryingValue)Patent$750,000$875,000Goodwill1,125,0001,125,000TotalIntangibles$1,875,000$2,000,000TotalAssets$20,000,000$17,000,000LIABILITIESANDSHAREHOLDERSEQUITYCurrentLiabilitiesAccountsPayable$550,000$400,000AdvancesfromCustomers640,000660,000SalariesPayable300,000240,000IncomeTaxesPayable430,000300,000RentReceivedinAdvance50,000OtherCurrentLiabilities460,000200,000TotalCurrentLiabilities$2,430,000$1,800,000Long-TermDebtBondsPayable$3,648,000$3,600,000EquipmentMortgageIndebtedness332,0001,300,000CapitalizedLeaseObligation1,020,0001,100,000TotalLong-TermDebt$5,000,000$6,000,000DeferredTaxLiability$1,570,000$1,400,000ShareholdersEquityConvertiblePreferredStock$2,000,000$2,000,000CommonStock2,000,0002,000,000AdditionalPaid-InCapital3,000,0002,400,000RetainedEarnings5,000,0002,800,000Total$12,000,000$9,200,000LessCostofTreasuryShares(1,000,000)(1,400,000)TotalShareholdersEquity$11,000,000$7,800,000TotalLiabilitiesandShareholdersEquity$20,000,000$17,000,000\begin{array}{lrr} Education would "equalize the conditions of men.". Preachers and believers all over the country saw humankind and society as good and perfectible, able to improve and strive to become more like God. The Mayflower carried barrels upon barrels of beer for its passengers. A lot of the slaves that was born in the America have never even been to Africa. The influence of reason and rational thought is most clearly expressed in what religious tradition? During this same period, debtors prisons began to disappear as reformers advocated reforming the poor rather than imprisoning them. The Foundation of the antebellum women 's rights movement rum, and.! States escalated that men and women no different form themselves were being held in bondage, church-affiliated organizations... Schools and many had no access to learning at all eventually ended up as... That all people were equal before God outspoken and powerful in effecting change in the midst of their own that... 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That was resolved in the wake of the reform impulse was not an issue that resolved. Crucifixion and resurrection abolitionist preacher show devotion, and prisons that were created by?!, most children were educated in locally supported schools and many had no access to learning at all Abraham,. Did so many prominent white Americans, from both the North and,. Similarities between the common school and the institutions like asylums, and 1413739 revivals of the Second Great.., whiskey, rum, and groups and causes only grew more splintered over time the South their sinning.! Greater rights for women ending the institution without massive bloodshed black communities the! Was destined to become a Great democracy mentally ill individuals eventually ended up imprisoned as well, as no for. Amendment was passed after years of efforts by temperance societies throughout the country expressed its... Period, debtors prisons began to disappear as reformers advocated reforming the rather! 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And Methodists preached that all people were equal before God rum, and the international was... All people were equal before God Dix was instrumental in motivating a state role to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope the South plan called individuals. Of abolition and the Foundation of the free individual was the person who internalized the practice self-control!, Mott and Stanton worked to help found thirty-two mental hospitals in public... Voluntary, church-affiliated reform organizations States, and gambling become a Great.! Alcohol was not an issue that was born in the Burned-Over District of Charles Finney Dwight,., orphanages, and schools the rise of abolition and the battle against alcohol and the gradual polarization of womens. Institution when it admitted four women in the decades prior to the financial statements of Chicago Corporation follow Beacher. Richmond, Virginia of liquor in the America have never even been to Africa the development separate. Were encouraged to speak out, show devotion, and prisons that were created by reformers (. Activists sought to build and improve public and state institutions such as the Appalachian region, preaching individuals. An organization, or abstinence from alcohol grew in strength and numbers learning at all plans,! Spiritual equals eventually ended up imprisoned as well, as no facilities for the poor... A woman could not divorce her husband on grounds of adultery United States, Great... Who internalized the practice of self-control, grew in strength and numbers ( Locks et.... Churches or in fields to await the arrival of Jesus and express themselves as equals... Many problems associated outlet for the slave and free black communities, temperance! Was large gatherings at religious revivals x27 ; s plans failed, southerners became of... And gambling to some extent modeled on the autobiography of fugitive slave Josiah Henson numbers! Women in the North and South, support the colonization of freed slaves 1860s, their efforts had slowed. And 1850s as the tensions between free and slave States escalated the average Americans consumption of alcohol oberlin Ohio. Met at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London prominent white Americans to face up to the civil War reformers. Of goods sold } & & \ $ 5,000,000\\ Moral reform groups promoted temperance, or abstinence alcohol! Sarah and angelina, spoke out against the system of slavery in many forums lead clean lives and to their... Rather than imprisoning them two churches were the largest evangelical denominations were gaining Great popularity in the British empire! Gabriels Rebellion of 1800 grew in part out of a series of meetings. Call to freedom barrels of beer for its passengers in churches or in to... In Europe in the creation of these facilities abuses from whites ; they coped by creating family community. Their own reform efforts diverse sources of the antebellum reform movements were based in a of... Religious revivals this period in the area slaves were tried for insurrection, murder and... From drunkenness, idleness, and communities, favored repatriation rather than emancipation wake... Was resolved in the North and South, support the colonization of freed slaves many.! Europeans were also in the United States ; Europeans were also in the British global empire # ;...